Isakhiwo esiyisisekelo kanye nesimiso sokusebenza semojuli yekhamera

Isakhiwo esiyisisekelo semojuli yekhamera

I. Isakhiwo sekhamera kanye nesimiso sokusebenza

Isigcawu sidutshulwa ngelensi, isithombe esikhiqiziwe se-optical sikhonjiswe kunzwa, bese isithombe esibonakalayo siguqulelwa kusignali kagesi, eguqulelwa kusignali yedijithali ngokuguqulwa kwe-analog-to-digital.Isignali yedijithali icutshungulwa yi-DSP bese ithunyelwa kukhompuyutha ukuze icutshungulwe, futhi ekugcineni iguqulwe ibe isithombe esingabonakala esikrinini sefoni.

Umsebenzi we-chip ye-digital signal processing (DSP): lungiselela amapharamitha esignali yesithombe ngochungechunge lwama-algorithms ezibalo ayinkimbinkimbi, futhi udlulisele amasiginali acutshunguliwe kuma-PC namanye amadivayisi nge-USB nezinye izixhumi ezibonakalayo.Uhlaka lwesakhiwo se-DSP:
1, ISP(iphrosesa yesiginali yesithombe)
1. I-ISP (iphrosesa yesignali yesithombe)
2, isifaki khodi se-JPEG
2. Isifaki khodi se-JPEG
3, Isilawuli sedivayisi ye-USB
3. Isilawuli sedivayisi ye-USB

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezinzwa zekhamera ezivamile,

Enye inzwa ye-CCD (Chagre Couled Device), okungukuthi, ukushaja idivayisi ehlanganisiwe.
Enye i-CMOS (i-Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) inzwa, okungukuthi, i-semiconductor yensimbi ehambisanayo.
Inzuzo ye-CCD ilele kukhwalithi enhle yokucabanga, kodwa inqubo yokukhiqiza iyinkimbinkimbi, izindleko ziphezulu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kuphezulu.Ngesinqumo esifanayo, i-CMOS ishibhile kune-CCD, kodwa ikhwalithi yesithombe iphansi kune-CCD.Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-CCD, inzwa yesithombe se-CMOS inokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe benqubo, ikhwalithi yesithombe ye-CMOS nayo ithuthukiswe ngokuqhubekayo.Ngakho-ke, amakhamera omakhalekhukhwini amanje emakethe wonke asebenzisa izinzwa ze-CMOS.

Isakhiwo esilula sekhamera yefoni ephathekayo
Ilensi: qoqa ukukhanya bese uveza isigameko phezu kwendawo yokuthwebula.
Inzwa yesithombe: i-imaging medium, eguqula isithombe (isignali yokukhanya) evezwe ilensi phezu kwendawo ibe isignali kagesi.
I-Motor: ishayela ukunyakaza kwelensi, ukuze ilensi ikhiqize isithombe esicacile phezu kwendawo yokuthwebula.
Isihlungi sombala: Indawo ebonwa iso lomuntu ikubhendi yokukhanya ebonakalayo, futhi inzwa yesithombe ingabona ibhande lokukhanya ngaphezu kweso lomuntu.Ngakho-ke, isihlungi sombala siyengezwa ukuze kuhlungwe ibhendi yokukhanya okweqile, ukuze inzwa yesithombe ithwebule izigcawu zangempela ezibonwa ngamehlo.
I-Motor drive chip: isetshenziselwa ukulawula ukunyakaza kwemoto nokushayela ilensi ukuze kuzuzwe i-autofocus.
I-substrate yebhodi lesifunda: Dlulisa isignali kagesi yenzwa yesithombe ngasemuva.
II.Amapharamitha ahlobene namabizo
1. Amafomethi wesithombe ajwayelekile
1.1 ifomethi ye-RGB:
Ifomethi yendabuko ebomvu, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, efana ne-RGB565 ne-RGB888;ifomethi yedatha engu-16-bit ithi 5-bit R + 6-bit G + 5-bit B. G inebhithi elilodwa ngaphezulu ngoba amehlo omuntu azwela kakhulu kokuluhlaza.
1.2 Ifomethi ye-YUV:
Ifomethi ye-Luma (Y) + chroma (UV).I-YUV ibhekisela kufomethi ye-pixel lapho ipharamitha yokukhanya kanye nepharamitha ye-chrominance kuvezwa ngokuhlukile.Ubuhle balokhu kuhlukaniswa ukuthi akugwemi kuphela ukuphazamiseka okuhlanganyelwe, kodwa futhi kunciphisa izinga lokusampula kwe-chroma ngaphandle kokuthikameze ikhwalithi yesithombe kakhulu.I-YUV igama elivame kakhulu.Ngokuhlelwa kwayo okuqondile, ingahlukaniswa ngamafomethi amaningi athile.
I-Chroma (UV) ichaza izici ezimbili zombala: i-hue nokugcwaliswa kwesikhala, ezimelwe yi-CB ne-CR ngokulandelanayo.Phakathi kwazo, i-Cr ibonisa umehluko phakathi kwengxenye ebomvu yesiginali yokufaka ye-RGB kanye nenani lokukhanya lesiginali ye-RGB, kuyilapho i-Cb ibonisa umehluko phakathi kwengxenye eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yesiginali yokufaka ye-RGB kanye nenani lokukhanya lesiginali ye-RGB.
Amafomethi amasampula amakhulu yi-YCbCr 4:2:0, YCbCr 4:2:2, YCbCr 4:1:1 kanye ne-YCbCr 4:4:4.
1.3 Ifomethi yedatha ye-RAW:
Isithombe se-RAW yidatha eluhlaza inzwa yesithombe ye-CMOS noma ye-CCD eguqula isignali yomthombo wokukhanya ethwetshuliwe ibe isignali yedijithali.Ifayela elingu-RAW liyifayela elirekhoda ulwazi lwangempela lwenzwa yekhamera yedijithali kanye nemethadatha ethile (njengezilungiselelo ze-ISO, isivinini se-shutter, inani lokuvula, ibhalansi emhlophe, njll.) okukhiqizwa ikhamera.I-RAW iyifomethi engacutshunguliwe futhi engacindezelwanga futhi ingacatshangwa ngokuthi “idatha yekhodi yesithombe esingahluziwe” noma ngokucace kakhudlwana ibizwe ngokuthi “idigital negative”.Iphikseli ngayinye yenzwa ihambisana nesihlungi sombala, futhi izihlungi zisatshalaliswa ngokuya ngephethini ye-Bayer.Idatha yephikseli ngayinye iphuma ngokuqondile, okuyidatha ye-RAW RGB
Idatha ye-Raw (Raw RGB) iba yi-RGB ngemva kokuhunyushwa kombala.

Isibonelo sefomethi yefomethi RAW
2. Izinkomba zobuchwepheshe ezihlobene
2.1 Ukulungiswa kwesithombe:
I-SXGA (1280 x1024), ama-megapixel angu-1.3
I-XGA (1024 x768), ama-megapixel angu-0.8
I-SVGA (800 x600), ama-megapixel angu-0.5
I-VGA (640x480), ama-megapixel angu-0.3 (amamegaphikiseli angu-0.35 abhekisela ku-648X488)
CIF(352x288), 0.1 megapixels
I-SIF/QVGA(320x240)
I-QCIF(176x144)
I-QSIF/QQVGA(160x120)
2.2 Ukujula kombala (inani lamabhithi ombala):
256 isikali esimpunga sombala, izinhlobo ezingama-256 zokumpunga (okuhlanganisa okumnyama nokumhlophe).
15 noma 16-bit umbala (umbala eliphezulu): 65,536 imibala.
Umbala we-24-bit (umbala weqiniso): Umbala ngamunye oyinhloko unamazinga angu-256, futhi inhlanganisela yawo inemibala engu-256*256*256.
Umbala wamabhithi angu-32: Ngokungeziwe kumbala we-24-bit, amabhithi angu-8 engeziwe asetshenziselwa ukugcina idatha yesithombe esendlalelo esigqagqene (isiteshi se-alpha).
2.3 Ukusondeza kwe-Optical nokusondeza kwedijithali:
I-Optical zoom: Sondeza/uhlehlisa into ofuna ukuyidubula ngokulungisa ilensi.Igcina amaphikseli nekhwalithi yesithombe ngokungashintshiwe, kodwa ungathatha isithombe esihle.Ukusondeza kwedijithali: Akukho ukusondeza empeleni.Ithatha nje isithombe sokuqala bese iyasondeza. Okubona esikrinini se-LCD kukhulisiwe, kodwa ikhwalithi yesithombe ayithuthukisiwe kakhulu, namaphikseli aphansi kunamaphikseli aphezulu ikhamera yakho engawathwebula.Ikhwalithi yesithombe empeleni ayifaneleki, kodwa inganikeza ukunethezeka okuthile.
2.4 Indlela yokucindezela isithombe:
I-JPEG/M-JPEG
H.261/H.263
I-MPEG
H.264
2.5 Umsindo wesithombe:
Ibhekisela emsindweni nasekuphazamisekeni kwesithombe futhi ibonakala njengomsindo wombala ongashintshi esithombeni.
2.6 Ibhalansi emhlophe ezenzakalelayo:
Kalula nje: ukubuyiselwa kwezinto ezimhlophe ngekhamera.Imiqondo ehlobene: izinga lokushisa lombala.
2.7 I-engeli yokubuka:
Inomgomo ofanayo nokuthwebula iso lomuntu, owaziwa nangokuthi uhla lwezithombe.
2.8 Ukugxila okuzenzakalelayo:
I-Autofocus ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili: esisodwa sisukela ku-autofocus ngokusekelwe ebangeni eliphakathi kwelensi nesihloko, kanti esinye i-autofocus yokuthola ukugxilisa okusekelwe emfanekisweni ocacile kusikrini sokugxilisa (i-algorithm ebukhali).
Qaphela: Ukusondeza kuwukusondeza izinto ezikude.Ukugxila ukwenza isithombe sicace.
2.9 Ukuchayeka okuzenzakalelayo kanye ne-Gamma:
Kuyinhlanganisela ye-aperture ne-shutter.Indawo yokuvula, isivinini se-shutter, ISO.I-Gamma ijika leso lomuntu ekukhanyeni.
III.Esinye isakhiwo sekhamera